Studies on the Removal of Congo Red Dye by an Adsorbent Based on Fly-Ash@Fe3O4 Mixture

The effectiveness of a Fe3O4-loaded fly ash composite for the adsorption Congo red dye was assessed in this work. structure and properties magnetic adsorbent were established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), dynamic light scattering (DLS). results showed saturation magnetization value 6.51 emu/g superparamagnetic behavior. main parameters that influence removal such as dose, initial concentration, contact time examined. Freundlich isotherm pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided best fit experimental findings. dye’s maximum capacity 154 mg/g reported concentration range 10–100 mg/L, using proposed adsorbent. recyclability investigation demonstrated circular economy idea is valid. synthesized also further characterized XRD FTIR techniques after adsorption.